Are the Effects of Oral and Vaginal Contraceptives on Bone Formation in Young Women Mediated via the Growth Hormone-IGF-I Axis?

Purpose: Combined hormonal contraceptive therapy has been associated with negative bone mineral density outcomes that may be route-dependent [i.e., combined oral contraception (COC) vs.contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR)] and involve the hepatic growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis.The objective of the pilot study was to asses

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